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That hardness is 1. property of water that prevents lathering because of the presence of cations, mainly calcium and magnesium, which form insoluble soaps [10]. 2. the sum of calcium and magnesium ions expressed as the equivalent amount of calcium carbonate (caco3) [16]. 3. the property to form insoluble salts of fatty acid (soap) [16].?

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Featured articles from Cave & Karst Science Journals

Gypsum-carbonate speleothems from Cueva de las Espadas (Naica mine, Mexico): mineralogy and palaeohydrogeological implications, Gázquez Fernando; Calaforra José Maria; Forti Paolo; Rull Fernando; Martínez-Frías Jesús

In defense of a fluctuating-interface, particle-accretion origin of folia, Davis Donald G.

Corrosion of limestone tablets in sulfidic ground-water: measurements and speleogenetic implications, Galdenzi, Sandro

Speleogenetic effects of interaction between deeply derived fracture-conduit and intrastratal matrix flow in hypogene karst settings, Klimchouk A.B., Tymokhina E.I., Amelichev G.N.

Measurement of luminescent banding in speleothems: some techniques and limitations, Crowell, Bryan E.; White, William B.

Active tectonics and earthquake destructions in caves of northern and central Switzerland, Becker, Arnfried; Häuselmann, Philipp; Eikenberg, Jost; Gilli, Eric

Scientific drilling of speleothems – a technical note, Spötl, Christoph; Mattey, David

Ogof Draenen: speleogenesis of a hydrological see-saw from the karst of South Wales, FARRANT, Andrew R.; SIMMS, Michael J.

The Use of a Karstic Cave System in a Study of Active Tectonics: Fault Movements Recorded at Driny Cave, Malé Karpaty M (Slovakia), Briestensky´, M.; Stemberk, J.; Michalík, J.; Bella, P.; Rowberry, M.

Sulfate and Phosphate Speleothems at Jenolan Caves, New South Wales, Australia , Pogson, Ross E.; Osborne, R. Armstrong L.; Colchester, David M.; Cendón,Dioni I.

Featured articles from other Geoscience Journals

Hypogenic contribution to speleogenesis in a predominant epigenic karst system: A case study from the Venetian Alps, Italy, Tisato Nicola, Sauro Francesco, Bernasconi Stefano M., Bruijn Rolf H.C., De Waele Jo

NALPS: a precisely dated European climate record 120–60 ka, Boch R., Cheng, H.; Spotl, C.; Edwards, R. L.; Wang, X.; Hauselmann, Ph.

Speleothem deposition at the glaciation threshold — An attempt to constrain the age and paleoenvironmental significance of a detrital-rich flowstone sequence from Entrische Kirche Cave (Austria), Meyer, M.C.; Spötl, Ch.; Mangini, A.; Tessadri, R.

The climatic cyclicity in semiarid-arid central Asia over the past 500,000 years, Cheng, H.; Zhang, P.Z.; Spötl, C.; Edwards, R.L.; Cai, Y.J.; Zhang, D. Z.; Sang, W.C.; Tan, M.; An, Z.S.

High-precision 238U–234U–230Th disequilibrium dating of the recent past: a review, Zhao, Jian-xin; Yu, Ke-fu; Feng, Yue-xing

Isotopic archives of sulphate in speleothems, Wynn, Peter M.; Fairchild, Ian J.; Baker, Andy; Baldini, James U.L; McDermott, Frank

Carbonate porosity creation by mesogenetic dissolution: Reality or illusion?, Ehrenberg, Stephen N.; Walderhaug, Olav; Bjorlykke, Knut

Ferruginous thermal spring complexes, northwest Tasmania: evidence that far-field stresses acting on a fracture mesh can open and maintain vertical flow in carbonate terrains, Davidson, Garry J.; Bavea, Michael; Harris, Kathryn

Origin and karst geomorphological significance of the enigmatic Australian Nullarbor Plain ‘blowholes’, Doerr, Stefan H.; Davies, Rob R.; Lewis,Alexander; Pilkington, Graham ; Webb, John A.; Ackroyd, Peter J.; Bodger, Owen

Giant pockmarks in a carbonate platform (Maldives, Indian Ocean), Betzler, C.; Lindhorst, S.; Hubscher, C.; Ludmann, T.; Furstenau, J.; Reijmer, J.

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